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| 1494 |
| | | In negotiations about the New World at Tordesillas, the king of Portugal insists on a new demarcation line which later brings him Brazil | |
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| c. 1500 |
| | | Even the remote city of Machu Picchu, on its peak above the jungle, is built in the massively precise Inca style of masonry | |
|  | Machu Picchu
Photograph Josceline Dimbleby
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| c. 1500 |
| | | The female mamakuna and the male yanakuna are selected in childhood to serve the Inca state | |
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| 1500 |
| | | Portuguese explorer Pedro Cabral, with a fleet of thirteen ships, makes landfall in Brazil | |
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| c. 1500 |
| | | The Inca empire has about 25,000 miles of well-serviced roads, designed for caravans of llamas | |
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| c. 1500 |
| | | In Cuzco's great temple, the sacrifices are usually of llamas, occasionally of humans | |
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| 1501 |
| | | Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci sets sail from Lisbon to explore to the south of the New World | |
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| 1525 |
| | | The Inca emperor, Huayna Capac, dies in an epidemic of a western disease, smallpox | |
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| 1525 |
| | | Ruling respectively from Cuzco and Quito, Huáscar and Atahualpa compete for the empire of their father, Huayna Capac | |
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| 1530 |
| | | Francisco Pizarro sails from Panama to attempt the conquest of Peru | |
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